Comparing Acceptability of a Parent Training Program Among Rural and Urban Undergraduates

Comparing Acceptability of a Parent Training Program Among Rural and Urban Undergraduates Hunter, A., Johnson, C., Gibson, J., & Tiano, J. Abstract Approximately 3.5% of children ages three to thirteen are diagnosed with behavioral or conduct problems. Literature indicates that the prevalence of behavioral problems is increasing. Children residing in rural areas are more likely to display behavioral problems as compared to children residing in urban areas. Behavioral Parent Training (BPT) aids caregivers by altering parenting behavior toward children with challenging behaviors. Research on rates of BPT acceptability have found mixed results. Parent-Children Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is an empirically supported BPT for children ages 2-7 and their caregiver(s) that aims to reduce child externalizing behaviors. PCIT increases positive interactions, adjusts behavior management techniques, and increases the sensitivity of caregivers. Acceptability of treatment relates to clients’ perception of appropriateness of the procedures, which impacts its effectiveness. PCIT acceptability among families residing in rural areas has not been extensively studied. However, caregivers who reside in rural areas may be sensitive to behavioral parenting programs due to cultural and interpersonal barriers. Moreover, examination of the PCIT acceptability rate among nonparental caregivers is lacking, as well. Nonetheless, it is found that nonparental undergraduates are open and able to learn parenting strategies reinforced in PCIT. This study compared PCIT acceptability among undergraduate psychology students identifying as having a rural or urban background. Six hundred two students completed an online assessment on child behavior and PCIT acceptability. Results indicate that there was not a significant difference in students’ identified background and PCIT acceptability, F (593) = 1.04, p = .308. Keywords: parent-child interaction therapy; behavioral parent training; acceptability; rural; urban; nonparent

Washington Environmental Law Year in Review

We are proud to present the first installment of the Washington Environmental Law Year in Review. This feature, which will be published annually in the Fall issue, will track significant developments in the environmental laws and regulations of Washington, and present a summary of these changes organized by topic

Investigation of extended stacking fault emission from grain boundaries using a density functional theory -informed 3D phase field dislocation dynamics model

As characteristic length scales shrink (\u3c100 nm) in fcc metals, alternative deformation mechanisms not seen in bulk and course-grained material counterparts emerge. In particular in grain sizes on the order of 10s of nanometers, plasticity is mediated by the motion and interaction of partial dislocations and extended stacking faults. Typically, partial dislocations nucleate at grain boundary defects and propagate into the grain interior, leaving stacking faults behind. The extent that these faults expand before a trailing partial dislocation emits generally does not equal the equilibrium separation distance of the corresponding full dislocation. This research uses a density functional theory informed phase field dislocation dynamics model to study the effect of applied stress, 3D grain size, material stacking fault energies, and grain boundary ledge size on the stress-driven emission of leading and trailing partial dislocation from grain boundaries. Most notably, we find that there is a regime in which the stacking fault size increases with increasing grain size until saturation is reached. Furthermore, the extent that the stacking fault region can propagate into the grain has an enormous dependence on the material surface

Investigation of deformation twins using a DFT-informed 3D phase field dislocation dynamics model

Deformation twinning is a well-known deformation phenomenon in many nanoscale fcc metals. In addition, it is well established that partial dislocations are the basic defect responsible for deformation twins; however, the material parameters that control the inclination to twin and the mechanisms that control twin formation are not well understood. Using a density functional theory (DFT). phase field dislocation dynamics (PFDD) model, we present an unconventional kinetic pathway for twin formation in nanoscale fcc metals that involves two grain boundaries and is active at room temperature and at low strain rates. This work also relates the associated kinetics of nucleation and propagation to intrinsic material defect formation energies. As mentioned, this research uses a 3D PFDD model informed by DFT to investigate the nucleation and propagation of deformation twins at grain boundaries and interfaces in various fcc metals at ambient conditions. The phase field approach is centered on energy minimization and, hence, evolution of the phase field variables and plastic deformation has a direct dependence on system energetics. This is advantageous for investigating extended dislocations and stacking faults because the PFDD model describes these defects using a parameterized surface (ag material dependent energy landscape that describes the energy maxima and minima that atoms must overcome as they shear pass one another on {111} planes) that surface as simulgis developed for specific materials using points from a ated by ab initio DFT. This incorporates a dependence on unstable SFEs in addition to the commonly used intrinsic SFE. In addition, this establishes a link between atomic-scale numerical methods and the DFT–PFDD model that enables us to follow the dynamics of several nucleating and interacting dislocations based on appropriate calculation of their stacking fault widths and accurately probe the physics that underlies plastic deformation of even the smallest volumes

Kinetics of solid-solid phase transformations in shock waves

This research is focused on the development of a microstructural model for phase transformation kinetics in shock waves. It is assumed that the Hugoniot state lies in the region of metastability around an equilibrium solid‑solid phase boundary, hence this model applies to transformations occurring through nucleation and growth. The model accounts for both homogeneous (thermally driven) and heterogeneous (catalyzed by crystal defects) nucleation in the shock front, the subsequent growth of the nuclei, and their eventual coalescence. The spatiotemporal dependence of the volume fraction is calculated using KJMA kinetic theory. An explicit expression for the interphase interface speed, which appears in the Avrami equation, is provided by a phase field model [1]; the thermodynamic driving force for interface propagation includes the free energy difference of the phases, the transformation work, and an athermal threshold associated with crystal defects [2]. The transformation work accounts for shear stresses due to the shock wave as well as residuals associated with the two-phase microstructure. The plastic constitutive relation of the two-phase material, which is computed using the KJMA-based volume fraction and now standard results from the literature (Crisfield, Eshelby, and Hill), and the heat transport equation are coupled to the thermoelastic equations. The solution of this coupled set of equations yields a nonsteady, two-wave shock profile. We relate the evolution of this shock profile to the nucleation rate and interface speed. Several examples of shock-induced microstructure evolution are presented. REFERENCES [1] Levitas, V.I., Preston, D.L. Phys. Rev. B. 2002, 66, 134206, 134207. [2] Levitas, V.I., Lee, D.-W., Preston, D.L. 2010. Int. J. Plasticity. 2010, 26, 395

The relationship between core structure of dislocation and material defect energies in fcc metals

This research uses an ab initio density functional theory (DFT) informed phase field dislocation dynamics (PFDD) model to investigate the relationship between the dislocation equilibrium core width and the material surface for nine fcc metals. Furthermore, we show that due to an anomalous feature in its -surface, platinum has a fundamentally different core structure than other fcc metals and a much wider equilibrium core width than expected. Based on ab initio valence charge density difference calculations, we attribute this anomaly to distinct differences in the directionality of charge transfer in platinum. Advantageously, the DFT–PFDD model can account for the entire surface (a material dependent energy landscape that describes the energy maxima and minima that atoms must overcome as they shear pass one another on {111} planes) developed for specific materials through direct connections to ab initio DFT. This incorporates a dependence on unstable SFEs in addition to the commonly used intrinsic SFE. In addition, this establishes a link between atomic-scale numerical methods and the DFT–PFDD model that enables us to follow the dynamics of several nucleating and interacting dislocations based on appropriate calculation of their stacking fault widths and accurately probe the physics that underlies plastic deformation of even the smallest volumes

Past as Prologue: How History Becomes Psychologically Present

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/111916/1/josi12106.pd

Martha McMillan Chronology

https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/mcmillan_supplemental_material/1008/thumbnail.jp

Psychology, History, and Social Justice: Concluding Reflections

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/111999/1/josi12118.pd